TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Table of Contents
Abbreviations
List of Appendices
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
1.3 Justification of study
1.3.1 Research hypotheses
1.5 Significance of study
1.6 Aims and objectives
1.6.1 Aim
1.6.1 Aims and Objectives of the Study
1.6.2 Objectives
1.7 Limitation of study
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
2.1 Finger digit ratio
2.2 Historical view on finger length measurement
2.3 Abnormalities and Disorders Correlated with 2D:4D Ratio
2.4 Testosterone
2.4.1 Testosterone at different stages of development
2.4.2 Male Testosterone Levels
2.4.3 Female testosterone levels
2.5 Adolescent and growth
2.5.1 Adolescent
2.5.2 Growth at puberty
2.6 Body composition
2.6.1 Body mass index
2.6.2 Waist Circumference
2.6.3 Waist-to-Hip Ratio
CHAPTER THREE
Materials and method
3.1 Study location
3.2 Sample size determination
3.3 Research participants
3.4 Inclusion criteria
3.5 Exclusion criteria
3.6 Methodology
3.7 Anthropometric measurement
3.7.1 Finger length measurements
3.7.2 Weight and body composition
3.7.3 Height
3.7.4 Chest circumference
3.7.5 Waist circumference
3.7.6 Hip circumference
3.7.8 Body mass index
3.7.8 Blood specimen collection and processing
3.7.9 Estimation of Serum Testosterone
3.7.10 Principle EIA Procedure
3.7.11 Testosterone EIA Procedure
3.8 Ethical consideration
3.9 Data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
Results
4.1 Analysis of study of population
4.2 Descriptive statistics showing the finger length of the right and left hands of subjects according to sex
4.3 Descriptive statistics showing digit ratios of the right and left hands of subjects according to sex
4.4 Descriptive statistics showing anthropometric variables and body composition of subjects according to sex
4.5 Descriptive statistics of anthropometric variables, testosterone and body composition of subjects according to sex in relation to age group
4.6 Correlation matrix of serum testosterone, 2d:4d and body composition in females
4.7 Correlation matrix of serum testosterone, 2d: 4d and body composition in males
4.8 Linear and multiple regression equation for testosterone level in males and females
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion
CHAPTER SIX
6.1 Summary and Conclusion
6.2 Recommendation
References
ABSTRACT
Digit ratio (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic trait, with females having a higher 2D:4D than males. This digit ratio has been associated with numerous behavioural traits and health conditions related to sex hormones. Four hundred and twelve secondary school students (209 males and 203 females) aged 12 to 20 years attending secondary schools within Enugu metropolis, in Enugu state, Nigeria participated in this work after an informed consent was obtained from them and their parents. Detailed information required from subjects was obtained through a standard designed questionnaire. Body fat percentage, weight (kg), Finger length (cm), height (cm), chest, waist and hip circumferences (cm) were measured using standard protocols. Body mass index (BMI), Waist to chest ratio (WCR) and Waist to hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. Blood sample for the estimation of testosterone was also obtained. The variables were studied according to sex and age groups. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using SigmaStat 2.0 for Windows (San Rafael, CA) and statistical values were acceptable at p<0 .05.="" 0.002="" 2d:4d="" a="" all="" also="" and="" anthropometric="" between="" both="" considered="" correlate="" correlation="" did="" difference="" females.="" females="" had="" hand="" hands="" height="" in="" indicated="" left="" males="" negative="" not="" of="" p="" positive="" relationship="" respectively="" result="" right="" significant="" statistical="" studyshowed="" testosterone="" the="" this="" variables="" weight="" while="" with="">0.05). Males had a significant relationship with weight, height, body fat percentage and chest circumference (p<0 .01="" a="" addressing="" adolescent="" age="" also="" and="" as="" be="" between="" biological="" body="" chest="" circumference="" composition="" conclusion="" conditions="" confirmed="" could="" digit="" dimorphism="" existence="" fat="" females="" findings="" finger="" group.="" had="" health="" hip="" hormones.="" importance="" in="" index="" it="" lengths="" mass="" of="" p="" percentage="" present="" ratio="" ratios="" related="" relation="" relationship="" sex="" sexual="" showed="" significant="" span="" study="" testosterone="" the="" these="" to="" traits="" variables.="" waist="" weight="" well="" while="" with="">
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
There are very few parts of the human body in health or disease that provide observation better than the hand. The hand presents excellent opportunities for us, students of human nature and of human anatomy to exercise power of observation and to study the outward form of a portion of the body (Jones, 1942). But more to our purpose is the fact that in probing deeper into the anatomy of the hand we are immediately brought face to face with some of the most important biological problems and some of the most striking exhibitions of general vital principles.
The fingers in the adult human hand differ in length and in distal extent (Jones, 1942). These finger lengths are fixed for life within the first three months of pregnancy (Manning et al., 1998;Csathoet al., 2003). Contemporary anthropological studies have found that in the clear majority of males, the distal extent of the ring finger tends to be relatively greater (using the middle finger as standard) than the index finger (Manning et al., 1998; McFadden and Shubel, 2002). However, the results for females vary considerably with some studies reporting that females show a similar pattern to that of males (Manning et al., 1998) while others suggest that the prevalence of a longer index finger is relatively or absolutely more common in females (Danborno et al.,2008a).
This shows that the ratio of the index finger (2D) to that of the ring finger (4D) in humans is sexually dimorphic (Ecker, 1875; George, 1930; Phelps, 1952; Manning, 2002). This sexual dimorphic trait is also found in bonoboos (Ecker, 1875; Jones, 1942; Manning et al; 2003; Danborno et al., 2008a).....
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